Western, Bruce, ed. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York, NY: Russell Sage. Referenced from www.russellsage.org: Punishment and Inequality in America.

Redburn, Steve. 2014. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Causes and Consequences. Edited by Jeremy Travis and Bruce Western. The National Academies. Referenced from nap.nationalacademies.org: The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Causes and Consequences.

Western, Bruce, and Sara S. McLanahan. 2001. “Fathers Behind Bars: The Impact of Incarceration on Family Formation”. Contemporary Perspectives in Family Research 2: 309-24. Referenced from search.proquest.com: Fathers Behind Bars: The Impact of Incarceration on Family Formation.

Lopoo, Leonard, and Sara S. McLanahan. 2004. “Incarceration and the Bonds Among Parents in Fragile Families”. In Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration, edited by David Weiman, Bruce Western, and Mary Patillo, 21-45. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Referenced from www.russellsage.org: Incarceration and the Bonds Among Parents in Fragile Families.

Geller, Amanda, Irwin Garfinkel, and Bruce Western. 2011. “Paternal Incarceration and Support for Children in Fragile Families”. Demography 48 (1): 25-47. Referenced from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: Paternal Incarceration and Support for Children in Fragile Families.