@article{908,
  keywords = {Fatherhood and father involvement, Income and socioeconomic status},
  author = {Maureen Waller and Allison Dwyer Emory and Elise Paul},
  title = {Money, Time, or Something Else? Measuring Nonresident Fathers{\textquoteright} Informal and In-Kind Contributions},
  abstract = {<p>Despite efforts to improve the measurement of low-income, nonresident fathers{\textquoteright} economic contributions to children in large-scale surveys, limited research has examined how survey measures of informal and in-kind support relate to other standard indicators of fathering. Drawing on data from a large sample of separated parents (N = 1,381) and matched nonresident father-child pairs (n = 846) in the Fragile Families Study, our results show that in-kind and informal support represent the same construct, and that this construct differs from both formal child support and fathers{\textquoteright} time with children. In comparison with formal child support, informal and in-kind support measures converged more strongly with indicators of the quality and quantity of time spent with children, consistent with recent conceptualizations of involved fathering. Informal and in-kind support measures were also more predictive of closeness in the nonresident father-child relationship, supporting qualitative research about its emotional significance in low-income families.</p>
},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Family Issues},
  volume = {39},
  number = {13},
  pages = {3612-3640},
  url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/eprint/nf2pTyDrGzkEJTPURZz3/full},
}